2. What processes determine the magnitude of temperature shifts in climate associated with alterations of the Earth's orbit. Does the change in solar insolation at the top of atmosphere necessarily correspond strongly to the change in Earth's temperature? Why or why not?
 
 
 
 

3. Suppose the extent of the ice caps increases by a factor of 2 during the Ice Ages which in turn results in a globally averaged cooling of 10 W m^-2. How rapidly will the atmosphere and surface oceans cool if half of the cooling acts on the atmosphere and half of the cooling acts on the surface oceans? The surface area of the globe is 1.27 x 10¹⁴ m². 
 
 
 
 
 

4. Derive the relationship between surface temperature and average atmospheric temperature for a single layer atmosphere of emissivity, e. Use the fact that the longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere is equal to the longwave radiation it absorbs from surface emissions.